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Visio Karoli Magni
The Latin poem conventionally titled ''Visio Karoli Magni'' ("Vision of Charles the Great"), and in the manuscripts ''Visio Domini Karoli Regis Francorvm'' ("Vision of the Lord Charles, King of the Franks"), was written by an anonymous East Frank around 865. Sometimes classified as visionary literature, the ''Visio'' is not a typical example the genre, since the "vision" it presents is merely a dream.
==Textual transmission==
The ''Visio'' is preserved in only two manuscripts, both of the twelfth century. One is kept in the Stadt- und Universitätsbibliothek in Frankfurt am Main in MS Barth. 67, folios 131r–132r.〔"Ms Barth." refers to the manuscripts and incunabula of the ''Klosterbibliotheken Bartholomaeusstift'', the library holdings of the Cathedral of St Bartholomäus, Frankfurt.〕 The other is in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France in Paris, where it is MS lat. 5016, folios 159v–169v.
The first modern edition of the poem, in 1837, was by the German scholar Eberhard Gottlieb Graff, based on the Frankfurt manuscript alone. Jean-François Gadan〔Jean-François Gadan (1796–ca. 1870) was a bibliophile and local historian of Troyes who took pleasure in saving local objects from destruction and placing them in safe hands among the ''amateurs'' of Troyes (Émile Socard, ''Biographie des personnages de Troyes et du département de l'Aube'' ()); his edition was limited to a hundred copies; no further volumes were produced, because he was expatriated for political reasons to Algiers in 1852, and because he refused to make his submission in writing to the French Second Empire there he died.〕 published an edition in his ''Collection du bibliophile troyen: recueil de pièces concernant la ville de Troyes ou conservées dans sa bibliothèque'' (Troyes, 1851), but this was based solely on the Paris manuscript. Philippe Jaffé provided the first modern edition based on both manuscripts, in the ''Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum'', volume IV (Berlin, 1867), pages 700–704. Only a few years later a German, Heinrich Gottfried Gengler, provided a second edition from both manuscripts in the ''Germanische Rechtsdenkmäler'' (Erlangen, 1875). The most recent edition was made in 1981 by Patrick Geary from the Frankfurt manuscript with alternative readings from the Parisian. He presented it at the end of his paper "Germanic Tradition and Royal Ideology in the Ninth Century: The ''Visio Karoli Magni''".
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